Efforts to Prevent Juvenile Delinquency from a Juridical and Psychological Perspective at Vocational High Schools (SMK) in Lubuklinggau

This study examines efforts to address juvenile delinquency from both a legal and psychological perspective in vocational high schools (SMK) in Lubuklinggau. The study utilizes a qualitative approach, including case studies, surveys, interviews


INTRODUCTION
Juvenile Delinquency is a crime committed by young people that is against the law, antisocial, anti-moral, and violates religious norms.Environmental and cultural influences are | 44 influential in shaping the attitudes and characteristics of teenagers.Juvenile Delinquency is for young people who fail to manage their emotions.Because teenagers, in this case, cannot yet restrain themselves from changing new things, it is inside them that causes behavior that should not be carried out.Currently, juvenile Delinquency continues to spread.Initially, juvenile Delinquency was considered normal, but currently, juvenile Delinquency continues to develop towards crime.So that people feel unrest and worry, such as motorbike thefts, brawls between schools, robberies, and so on (Karlina 2020).
In his research, Fahrul Rulmuzu (2021) stated that teenagers are the future of a nation and have an essential role in shaping its future.They are the ones who will carry on the torch of the nation and religion from the current generation.Therefore, it is essential to ensure that they are ready to take on this responsibility.However, there are many challenges faced by teenagers today, such as fighting, robbery, drugs, motorbike gangs, and other similar problems that contribute to juvenile delinquency.Juvenile delinquency refers to any behavior that deviates from criminal law norms carried out by teenagers.Internal and external factors contribute to this problem, such as family problems, peer pressure, lack of education, poverty, etc.
To overcome this problem, it is necessary to provide guidance and support to teenagers from parents, teachers, and other community members.Parents play an essential role in shaping teenagers' behavior by providing them love, attention, and support.Apart from that, a good environment can also help the growth and development of teenagers by giving them a safe and nurturing space to grow.Thus, youth are assets to the future of a nation, and it is essential to provide them with the necessary guidance and support to ensure that they are ready to assume the responsibilities that come with it (Rulmuzu 2021).
Likewise, I Ketut Tjukup et al. (2020) research states that juvenile delinquency is an act or behavior of a teenager contrary to the law, religion, and societal norms, thereby harming other people, public order, and himself."What is meant by every act or behavior of a teenager that violates the law, religious beliefs, and society?Norms and harming others, public order, or oneself are considered juvenile delinquency.The research aims to examine juvenile delinquency from a juridical perspective and identify appropriate countermeasures to overcome this problem.This research uses normative juridical methods and interview techniques to collect data.The research results show that juvenile delinquency poses a threat to the security of the community where teenagers live.
This criminal act violates legal norms, morality, and even religious norms.Juvenile delinquency is a deviant act that is contrary to applicable laws and regulations and can damage the future of teenagers.Therefore, efforts are needed to overcome this problem.The government of Belimbing Village, Pupuan District, and Tabanan Regency have made a breakthrough in tackling criminal acts of juvenile delinquency by carrying out preventive countermeasures using a religious-communal approach.This approach involves educating youth about religious and communal values and instilling a sense of responsibility towards their community.The aim is to prevent juvenile delinquency before it occurs, not to punish juveniles after juvenile delinquency occurs (Tjukup et al. 2020).
In this writing, researchers collaborated and organized community activities at vocational high schools in Lubuklingau city regarding efforts to overcome juvenile delinquency at vocational high schools in Lubuklingau city.Juvenile delinquency in Vocational High Schools (SMK) is often influenced by a variety of complex factors, including the influence of the surrounding environment such as peers and family, lack of supervision or guidance from authorities, levels of stress and pressure experienced, lack of school involvement in positive | 45 activities, influence media and lifestyle, and a lack of understanding of the consequences of the actions taken.Each individual has unique experiences, but it is essential to recognize that these factors can often contribute to juvenile delinquent behavior.Hence, a holistic approach and collaboration between parents, schools, and communities is essential in preventing and treating this problem.

METHOD
The research method used with a qualitative approach includes case studies (Assyakurrohim et al. 2023) by analyzing incidents of juvenile delinquency that occur in the vocational school, surveys and questionnaires to obtain perception data and factors that influence juvenile delinquency, in-depth interviews and FGDs to understand the viewpoints of relevant stakeholders, document analysis to review school policies, as well as a mixed research approach that combines these methods.It is hoped that this combination of methods can provide a comprehensive understanding of the problem of juvenile delinquency and provide a holistic view in formulating countermeasures based on juridical and psychological perspectives at Lubuklinggau Vocational School.
This method is used with consideration to obtain relevant and holistic data regarding the problem of juvenile delinquency.Case studies, surveys, interviews, FGDs, and document analysis were selected for their ability to combine quantitative and qualitative data, providing a more comprehensive picture of the phenomenon from multiple points of view.The choice of method also considers the availability of existing resources, allowing data collection without overburdening resources, thereby enabling more effective and in-depth research regarding efforts to overcome juvenile delinquency at Lubuklinggau Vocational School.
Research activities involve a series of steps, including identifying juvenile delinquency cases through case studies with document analysis and interviews and designing and implementing surveys and questionnaires to obtain quantitative data about students' perceptions of juvenile delinquency.The next step will involve in-depth interviews and FGDs with various relevant parties to understand their perspectives regarding the legal and psychological factors underlying juvenile delinquency.Integration of data from various research methods is essential for drawing solid conclusions and preparing relevant recommendations to support efforts to overcome juvenile delinquency at Lubuklinggau Vocational School while ensuring that the entire research process is carried out ethically and carefully in managing the collected data.

Efforts to Overcome Juvenile Delinquency
Efforts to overcome juvenile delinquency are cross-sectoral efforts that involve cooperation from various parties, including parents, educational institutions, the community, and institutions related to child protection.The first step in overcoming juvenile delinquency is a deep understanding of the underlying roots of the problem.This can involve a multidisciplinary approach to identify factors such as an unhealthy family environment, peer pressure, psychological problems, as well as a lack of understanding of the consequences of actions taken.
Parents play a central role in preventing and overcoming juvenile delinquency by building open communication and understanding the needs and problems faced by their children.Supporting children in managing emotional stress, providing positive direction, and instilling strong moral values are key factors in preventing juvenile delinquency.Educational institutions, such as schools, are essential in dealing with juvenile delinquency.They can provide character-building programs, host various extracurricular activities, and involve students in projects that build leadership and social skills.Apart from that, society also plays a role in creating an environment that supports the positive growth of teenagers.Through initiatives such as developing youth activity centers, safe public spaces, and mentoring programs by skilled adults, communities can provide positive alternatives for youth to spend their time (Putri and Sunarso 2021).
No less important is the role of child protection agencies and non-governmental organizations that support children involved in delinquent behavior.They can provide guidance, counseling, or access to mental health services to help teens overcome their problems.Combating juvenile delinquency is a joint effort that requires collaboration and coordination from various parties.With a holistic and sustainable approach, as well as constant attention to the needs and development of adolescents, society can create a better environment for their healthy and positive growth.Adolescence is a developmental process including changes related to psychosexual development changes in relationships with parents and their dreams.Adolescent growth starts around the age of 13 and ends around the age of 21.Adolescence is a transition period that a person goes through from childhood to adulthood or an extension of childhood before reaching adulthood.

Figure 1. Socialization Of Juvenile Delinquency
The problem of juvenile delinquency is complex and has been studied using many theories and approaches.One of the dominant factors causing juvenile delinquency is incorrect socialization in children.Therefore, it is essential for parents, teachers, and parties who supervise children's play groups to take preventive measures.However, despite these efforts, there are still teenagers who succeed in deceiving those who supervise them, which leads to cases of drug abuse among teenagers.It is essential to address this problem at its roots and provide proper guidance and care to children to prevent them from turning into criminals.Some characteristics differentiate childhood from adulthood.
First, children still need to be able to live independently and depend on adults for their basic needs.Second, they have yet to fully mature, including physical, emotional, and social development.His body is still small; his organs are not yet fully developed and cannot perform their functions perfectly.Regarding intelligence, children are still growing and learning about the world around them.Lastly, their emotional and social relationships must be fully developed, and their lives depend on adults.As children transition into adolescence, their bodies change | 47 and look more like adults.However, despite experiencing physical changes, they are still not fully mature emotionally and socially.They still need time to develop into adults, and their intelligence is still developing.Although they may want to stand alone, they still need to be able to take full responsibility for economic and social problems.It is essential to realize that the journey from childhood to adulthood is a process that takes time and requires support and guidance from adults.Juvenile Delinquency from a Juridical Perspective From a legal perspective, children have the right to receive protection based on Law Number 1 of 1974, which regulates the rights and obligations of parents and children.Specifically, articles 45 to 49 of the law detail parents' responsibilities to care for and educate their children to the best of their abilities.This obligation applies until the child reaches the age of marriage or can support himself, as intended in Article 45, paragraphs (1) and ( 2) of the law.This legal framework aims to ensure that children have a safe and nurturing environment to grow and develop and that parents are responsible for their role in fostering their children's well-being.
According to Law Number 1 of 1974, children must respect their parents and follow their good wishes.This obligation is contained in Article 46, paragraph (1) of the law.Children are also obliged to care for and help their parents when they are old, as intended in Article 46, paragraph (2) of the law.Furthermore, children who are immature and have never been married are under the control of their parents, as intended in Article 47, paragraph (1) of the law.This means that parents have the right to make decisions on behalf of their children and ensure that they are cared for until they reach adulthood or marry.Moreover, parents represent minor children and those who have never been married in all legal actions, both inside and outside court, as intended in Article 47 paragraph (2) of the law.This means that parents have the legal authority to act on behalf of their children in any legal matters and make decisions in their best interests.Overall, these articles aim to establish the rights and responsibilities of parents and children and ensure that children are provided with a safe and nurturing environment to grow and develop while holding parents accountable for their role in fostering the well-being of their children.Their child (Zaelani 2014).
Juvenile delinquency, from a juridical perspective, involves understanding the legal aspects involved in actions committed by teenagers.The law provides a framework that regulates juvenile behavior and establishes the boundaries that must be followed and the consequences that can arise from actions that violate the law.Adolescents in a country have different rights and responsibilities based on applicable law.Child protection laws establish special rules regarding the rights and protection of adolescents.In contrast, the juvenile justice system (juvenile jurisdiction) establishes unique legal processes that focus on a rehabilitative and educational approach rather than a punitive approach in dealing with juvenile offenses.
In a legal context, acts of juvenile delinquency can involve several violations, such as traffic violations, consumption of alcohol or illegal drugs, violence, theft, vandalism, or even more serious crimes.The juvenile justice system considers the age, development, and suitability of juveniles, so handling juvenile delinquency cases can involve a variety of options, ranging from warnings or out-of-court settlements to rehabilitation measures or more severe punishments, depending on the severity of the act committed.
The legal approach to juvenile delinquency aims to achieve specific goals, such as guidance, recovery, and protection.The goal is for teenagers to learn from their mistakes, understand the consequences of their actions, and receive support and guidance to improve | 48 their behavior in the future.Through this approach, the law seeks to balance individual responsibility with efforts to educate and guide so that teenagers can grow and develop positively in society (Subroto 2022).
From a juridical perspective, minors have special protection and rights regulated by applicable law.The education of minors is strictly regulated to ensure that they have access to appropriate education following their rights as children.The child protection law stipulates that children have the right to receive quality and safe education, as well as protection from all forms of exploitation, violence, and discrimination.
The education system provided for minors is regulated by education regulations, which mandate that every child has the right to receive education appropriate to their age and development level.Education for minors aims to provide an environment that supports their growth holistically, not only in academic aspects but also in terms of social, emotional, and critical skills development (Nurhayati 2020).Minors' education must also consider their diversity and individual needs.Therefore, the education system must be able to accommodate these differences, provide additional support for children with special needs, and ensure that the educational environment does not become a place for discrimination or unfair treatment of children.
From a legal perspective, the education of minors aims to form a generation that is educated, skilled, and socially skilled (Putra 2020).An appropriate education provides the foundation for children to develop their full potential, provides the skills necessary to participate in society, and forms strong character and positive values.Thus, practical education for minors is essential in ensuring a better future for them and society.

Psychological Perspective Juvenile Delinquency
There is a relationship between discipline and deviant behavior in adolescents.Many opinions say that juvenile delinquency is often caused by a lack of discipline, especially in compliance with the rules that apply in the family, community, or school.This lack of discipline is often caused by a lack of self-control, difficulty adapting to the environment, and emotional immaturity.Adolescents who display indiscipline are likelier to engage in deviant behavior, as they may lack the self-control to resist teasing or negative peer pressure.Additionally, a lack of discipline can create a sense of entitlement or disregard for authority, leading to delinquent behavior.Overall, these statements suggest that a lack of discipline can be a significant risk factor for juvenile delinquency (Alwi and Fakhri 2022).Many teenagers experience an inability to adapt (social incompetence) due to an imbalance between demands (tasks) and the ability to obtain (skills).This indicates that many teenagers experience social incompetence, namely the inability to adjust due to an imbalance between demands and the ability to acquire skills.This means teenagers need help adapting to the surrounding environment and meeting expectations due to a lack of necessary skills.This statement further states that in terms of achieving social competence, delinquent adolescents tend to have poor performance compared to non-delinquent adolescents.This is because many simple abilities should be achieved early but need to be mastered sufficiently by naughty teenagers.Therefore, they must gain the necessary skills to adjust and adapt to their environment, leading to social incompetence.The statement uses the word "immature" to describe the teens, implying that they are not yet ready to enter a further stage of development (Indriyani 2022).
The parenting style applied by parents plays a vital role in shaping children's behavior, especially in preventing juvenile delinquency and criminal behavior.(Chen.,et al, 2024) This statement highlights the importance of the home environment as a child's first school, which can significantly influence his character and behavior, including his ability to control emotions.According to the statement, if a child does engage in naughty or criminal behavior, it is most likely caused by something inappropriate in their environment.This environment can be physical, such as the home environment, or social, such as the family environment.The statement emphasizes the importance of creating a positive and supportive environment for children to prevent juvenile delinquency and encourage healthy behavior (Noorsyarifa and Santoso 2023).
From a psychological perspective, juvenile delinquency is often seen as the result of complex interactions between internal and external factors that influence individual development.Psychological development theory underlines that adolescence is a significant period where individuals search for identity and autonomy.In this context, juvenile delinquency | 50 can be understood as an attempt to explore limits, measure the consequences of actions, and express a developing self-identity.
Psychological factors such as hormonal changes, brain development, and the need to gain self-identity can influence juvenile delinquent behavior.Adolescents are often vulnerable to peer pressure, where they tend to be influenced by peers in making decisions, which in some cases can encourage acts of delinquency.The emotional instability that often occurs during adolescence can also influence their response to the pressure or stress they experience.The psychological approach in dealing with juvenile delinquency includes an in-depth understanding of individual backgrounds, family dynamics, and emotional experiences that influence their behavior.Psychological therapy, counseling, or other preventative and intervention approaches can help adolescents manage stress, understand and manage emotions, and develop more adaptive decision-making strategies.It is important to note that each youth has unique experiences and challenges.Psychological approaches to juvenile delinquency focus on a holistic understanding of individuals and their environments, intending to assist them in overcoming the difficulties they face, developing adaptive skills, and strengthening the positive aspects of their lives.

CONCLUSION
This research highlights the complexity and interaction between legal and psychological factors influencing adolescent behavior.Through a holistic approach, this study explores the roots of the problem of juvenile delinquency, both in terms of the laws that regulate their actions and the psychological factors that underlie them.The research results highlight the importance of cross-sector collaboration, including the role of parents, educational institutions, the community, and other related parties in preventing and dealing with juvenile delinquency.From a juridical perspective, research confirms the need for a legal approach that considers adolescents' age, development, and suitability in handling delinquency cases, with a focus on a rehabilitative approach.Meanwhile, from a psychological perspective, research highlights the critical role of understanding adolescent emotional and identity development and psychological prevention and intervention efforts to help adolescents manage stress, make adaptive decisions, and build necessary skills.In conclusion, this research shows that a comprehensive approach, combining juridical and psychological aspects, is needed to overcome juvenile delinquency at Vocational High Schools in Lubuklinggau.