COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF GREEN URBAN SPATIAL PLANNING POLICIES IN INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE
Keywords:
Green Urban Spatial Planning, Environmental Governance, Spatial Planning Policy, Sustainable Urban DevelopmentAbstract
Rapid urbanization in Southeast Asia has intensified environmental degradation, including declining green spaces, increased pollution, and ecological imbalance. Urban spatial planning plays a crucial role in addressing these challenges by integrating environmental sustainability principles into land use regulation and development control. This study aims to comparatively analyze green urban spatial planning policies in Indonesia and Malaysia and examine their implications for sustainable environmental governance. This research employs a qualitative comparative approach using policy analysis of spatial planning regulations, national development frameworks, and environmental planning strategies in both countries. The findings indicate that both Indonesia and Malaysia have incorporated environmental sustainability into their spatial planning frameworks; however, differences exist in policy structure, institutional coordination, and implementation effectiveness. Malaysia demonstrates a more centralized and integrated planning system with stronger policy alignment between national and local levels, while Indonesia’s decentralized system provides flexibility but faces challenges in enforcement and coordination. Furthermore, the effectiveness of green spatial planning policies significantly influences environmental governance outcomes, particularly in promoting sustainable land use, protecting green infrastructure, and enhancing urban environmental resilience. This study contributes to the literature by providing a comparative perspective on spatial planning policies and highlighting the importance of institutional strength, regulatory coherence, and implementation capacity in achieving environmentally sustainable urban development. The findings offer important policy insights for improving green urban governance in rapidly growing cities.
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